TALLER UNIDADES 3 Y 4

TECNICAS DE LECTUTRA ( PREDICCIÓN, SCANNING,SKIMMING)

Civil engineering

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like bridges, roads, canals, dams, and buildings.^[1][2][3] Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering,^[4] and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering.^[5] It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering,^[4] surveying, and construction engineering.^[6] Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

TOPICO DEL TEXTO:
Según la imagen y el titulo trata el tema de todo loque se refiere a la carrera de la IngenieriaCivil.

IDEA GENERAL DEL TEXTO:
Explica todo lo que involucra la rama de la ingenieria civil, desde los conocimientos de física,quimica,cálculos para la construcción de obras de infraestructura, obras hidraulica y de transporte, adesmás explica que su origen viene de la ingenieria militar.

QUE PALABRAS SE REPITEN
 Civil, engineering, military, construction

PALABRAS QUE SEPARECEN EN ESPAÑOL:
Professional, canals, military, naturally, individual, materials, international, municicipal, structural.

PALABRAS QUE AYUDAN A ENTENDEREL TEXTO:
 Civil engineering

ELTEXTO TRATA DE:
La ingenieria civil es la rama que  de la ingeniería que aplica los conocimientos de fisica,quimica, cálculo  y geología para  la elaboración de obras de infraestructuras, obras ghidraúlicas y obras de transpiorte. La denominación "civil" se debe a su origen diferenciado de la ingeniería militar.

Esto comprende planes de organización territorial tales como prevención de desastres, control de tráfico y transporte, manejo de recursos hídricos, servicios públicos, tratamiento de basuras y todas aquellas actividades que garantizan el bienestar de la humanidad que desarrolla su vida sobre las obras civiles construidas y operadas por ingenieros.

PATRONES DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE UN PARRAFO 

PRIMER TEXTO:
Sub-disciplines Civil engineering.
Geotechnical engineering:
Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by. Knowledge from the fields of geology, material science and testing, mechanics, and hydraulics are applied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically design foundations, retaining walls, and similar structures. Environmental concerns in relation to groundwater and waste disposal have spawned a new area of study called geoenvironmental engineering where biology and chemistry are important.
Structural engineering:
Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers, tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea, and other structures. This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads. The loads can be self weight of the structures, other dead load, live loads, moving (wheel) load, wind load, earthquake load, load from temperature change etc. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for (to be serviceable). Due to the nature of some loading conditions, sub-disciplines within structural engineering have emerged, including wind engineering and earthquake engineering.
Water resources engineering:
Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water (as a natural resource). As a discipline it therefore combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management. This area of civil engineering relates to the prediction and management of both the quality and the quantity of water in both underground (aquifers) and above ground (lakes, rivers, and streams) resources. Water resource engineers analyze and model very small to very large areas of the earth to predict the amount and content of water as it flows into, through, or out of a facility. Although the actual design of the facility may be left to other engineers. Hydraulic engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water. This area of civil engineering is intimately related to the design of pipelines, water supply network, drainage facilities (including bridges, dams, channels, culverts, levees, storm sewers), and canals. Hydraulic engineers design these facilities using the concepts of fluid pressure, fluid statics, fluid dynamics, and hydraulics, among others.

A. Definición: Sub-disciplines Civil engineering: Define las ramas de la Ingenieria Civil,

Las ramas de la IngenieríaCivil son: La Ingeniería Geotecnia, la ingeniería Estructural, la ingeniería Hidraulica, Ingeniería deTransporte e infraestructura vial.

MARCADORES DE DEFINICIÓN:
Is
are
This involves
is concerned

SEGUNDO TEXTO
B. MARCADORES DE TIEMPO IDEA GENERAL DELPARRAFO

History of the civil engineering profession

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably.^[7] The construction of Pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first instances of large structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447-438 BC), the Appian Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)^[6] and the stupas constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbours, bridges, dams and roads.

 

The Archimedes screw was operated by hand and could raise water efficiently.

In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering.^[5] The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.^[4][6] In 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.

MARCADORES DE TIEMPO:
between 4000 and 2000 BC
In 1771 Smeaton
In the 18th century

DE SECUENCIA:
During this time

La idea general del texto:
Trata de que la historia de la ingeniería civil esta estrechamente relacionada con la matemáticas y los avances del conocimiento de la física a través de la historia,relacionada con la egipcioy mesopotania.